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In the past few years, some of the ASEAN (Association of South- east Asian Nations) countries, such as Vietnam and India, have formed limited hard-balancing coalitions with the U.S. in response to threaten- ing behavior from China.
In recent years, China and Russia have also formed a limited hard-balancing coalition in which both states have en- gaged in limited arms buildup aimed at balancing U.S. power, again without the intent of reaching parity soon.
This is one reason economic globalization and high levels of interdependence favor soft balancing, but this variable alone may not be sufficient to prevent hard-balancing coalitions from emerging.
Given that China may eventually have to resort to diplomacy and institutions to obtain its strategic goals, it would be better off preventing the emergence of a hard-balancing coalition against it by adopting softer instruments now.
No hard-balancing coalition emerged to thwart Italian aggression.
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